A pearl is produced with or without the insertion by man of a bead by grafting, which is followed by maintaining the mollusk in cultured until the pearl is harvested. Cultured pearls are nacreous, unattached formations, secreting in the interior of pearl oysters including Pinctada maxima, Pinctada margarifigera, Pinctada mazatlanica, Pinctada funcata, Pteria penguin and Pteria stema, as well as the freshwater mussels Cristeria plicata, Hyriopsis schlegeli and Hyriopisis cumingii. The surfaces of cultured pearls are composed of nacre, laid down in concentric layers within the pearl sack. The secretion of the nacreous layers from the mantle of the pearl oyster is natural process instigated and partially is controlled by man. This applies to all cultured pearls whether it is grown with or without a bead. The term cultured applied to pearls that have been cultured is not applied to other pearl jewelry.
There is an enormous market in cultured fresh and saltwater pearls now. The insertion of objects such as figures of Buddha between the shell and mantle of mollusks, which has been practiced by Chinese since the thirteenth century in order to obtain a covering of nacre.
Chinese are considered as the inventors of the cultured pearl today. Regular production was started as early as the 12th century, while first evidence dated back to the 1st century BC. China’s present cultured pearl industry just started about 40years ago. Classical Japanese literature makes allegoric references to pearls, which could lead to the conclusion that freshwater pearls were known quite early as well. It appears as if natural pearls have never been particularly significant but Japan rose to fame with the development of its cultured pearl industry in the 20th century.
There are four important commercial cultured pearl in market: Freshwater cultured pearls, Akoya cultured pearls, South Sea cultured pearls and Tahitian cultured pearls.
The Cultured Pearls Process
The modern production of cultured round pearls is highly organized on large pearl farms where the oysters are reared. When the oysters are three years old, they are ready for the culturing process and are lifted out of the water. Each will receive an implant of one or more spherical mother-of pearl beads, usually obtained from a North American freshwater mussel. An oyster is killed and the mantle cut into small pieces. Each piece is put in contact with a mother-of-pearl bead nucleus and placed in an incision in the body of the host animal.